Includes bibliographical references.

Some observations on the development of the Ottoman learned hierarchy / Richard Repp -- The Ottoman ulema and the Tanzimat / Richard L. Chambers -- The religious establishment in Husainid Tunisia / Leon Carl Brown -- The Moroccan ulama, 1860-1912 : an introduction / Edmund Burke, III -- Profile of a nineteenth-century Moroccan scholar / Kenneth Brown -- The ulama of Cairo in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries / Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot -- Nonideological responses of the Egyptian ulama to modernization / Daniel Crecelius -- The roots of the ulama's power in modern Iran / Nikki R. Keddie -- The oppositional role of the ulama in twentieth-century Iran / Hamid Algar -- Activism of the ulama in Pakistan / Aziz Ahmad -- A short history of the Khalwati order of dervishes / B.G. Martin -- Doctor and saint / Ernest Gellner -- The Hamadsha / Vincent Crapanzano -- Religious symbolism and social change : the drama of Husain / Gustav Thaiss -- Mahdis, walis, and new men in the Sudan / John Voll -- Variation in religious observance among Islamic women / Robert A. Fernea, Elizabeth W. Fernea.